Designing and applying formal methods for specifying, analyzing and verifying softwares and systems are the main driving forces behind the work presented in this manuscript. In this context, our activities fall into the category of formal methods belonging to the wider community of software engineering. At the interface between theoretical and applied research, our aim is to contribute to the methods ensuring the correction and the safety of systems (security, reliability, ...) by developing or by improving specification languages, techniques and tools allowing their formal analysis. In this purpose, we became attached in this thesis to propose and to study a formal framework allowing the specification of security policies and the verificat...