Is gluten challenge really necessary for the diagnosis of coeliac disease in children younger than age 2 years?

OBJECTIVE: In the diagnosis of coeliac disease (CD), gluten challenge is recommended for children under the age of 2 years at initial biopsy. The aim of the study was to investigate the diagnostic yield of gluten challenge in this group of children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included children aged 2 years or younger who were analysed for possible CD and who had villous atrophy at initial small bowel biopsy in the period 1993-2004. We subsequently identified all patients who underwent a complete gluten challenge. RESULTS: We identified 333 children with possible CD. In 100 children (30%), a gluten challenge was performed, with the diagnosis being confirmed in 97. Retrospectively, in 2 of the 3 children without mucosal relapse, data available before gluten challenge did not justify the initial diagnosis of CD. In the third patient, transient gluten intolerance could not be excluded. At first biopsy, the 2 children without mucosal relapse had negative serological parameters, whereas the third patient had IgA antigliadin antibodies, but no IgA anti-endomysium antibodies (EMA). Indeed, all of the patients with EMA at diagnosis had a relapse at gluten challenge. CONCLUSIONS: Routine gluten challenge in children younger than 2 years at initial diagnosis of CD has an extremely low diagnostic yield. We suggest that routine gluten challenge in this group of patients is not necessary when patients have villous atrophy in combination with EMA. Therefore, a revision of the current diagnostic criteria has to be considere