Fasestruktur og kritiske eigenskapar til ein abelsk gauge-teori

Chapter 1 to 4 give a short introduction to superconductivity, microscopic theory, phase transitions, and Monte-Carlo simulations. Chapter 2 is about Cooper pairing in different settings, but I also give a short introduction to the Hofstadter problem of lattice fermions on a square lattice in a perpendicular magnetic field. The purpose is to clarify some points in Paper-I. Chapter 3 is about phase transitions, and introduces the important concepts of spontaneous symmetry breaking, scaling, and renormalization. In the last section I stress some of the main differences between first order and second order phase transitions. Chapter 4 starts with a short elementary introduction to Monte-Carlo simulations and proceeds with the important, but somewhat more advanced topic of reweighting. Chapter 5 to 7 are more closely related to the specific projects I have worked on, and are meant to illuminate and clarify some aspects in Paper-II and Paper-III. Chapter 5 introduce the Ginzburg-Landau model in various parametrizations, present some perturbative (mean-field) results, and introduce the concept of topological defects (vortices) and duality. Chapter 6 is closely related to Paper-II and introduce the concept of fractal dimension and the relation between the vortex excitations of the original theory and the dual field theory. Chapter 7 is closely related to Paper-III where we studied the order of the metal to superconductor phase transition. To do this we had to do infinite volume and continuum limit extrapolations. We also had to consider ultraviolet renormalization since the Ginzburg-Landau theory is a continuum field theory with no inherent short scale cut-off. To reduce auto-correlation times we added several improvements to the standard Metropolis algorithm in the Monte-Carlo simulations, the most important being an overrelaxation algorithm for the scalar field and a global update of the scalar amplitude.dr.ing.dr.ing