Seed production in grassland species: Morpho\u2010biological determinants in a species\u2010rich semi\u2010natural grassland

Studying the seed production of herbaceous species can help to conserve grassland habitats and re-create new high-value grassland surfaces. Studies on grassland seed production have focused mainly on individual species and traits, without characterizing their relative importance at the plant community level. The aim of this study was to investigate the entire seed production process of the main species in a temperate grassland. Fertile shoots (FS) of twenty-nine grasses and forbs were collected over 4 years and analysed for sixteen traits that determine inflorescence size, seed production and seed quality. The per cent viability played a predominant role in determining the total production of viable seeds. Forbs showed a range of reproductive strategies, including variable distribution of flowers among growth periods, number of inflorescences per FS and relationship between seed size and FS density in the grassland. The flower production for grasses was concentrated in the first growth period, but this limitation was mitigated by a higher seed dormancy. The number of viable seeds per FS and seed size were important components of the reproductive strategy of forbs, with heavy-seeded species being characterised by high individual densities in the community, but producing few seeds per FS. Light-seeded species showed an opposite pattern. The results suggest that when using seeds from semi-natural grasslands for ecological restoration, special attention should be paid to the seed amount, germinability and viability of forbs, as they seem to depend more on seed reproduction and have a lower ovule to seed transformation efficiency