Kaolin particle film application stimulates photoassimilate synthesis and modifies the primary metabolome of grape leaves

Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2018.02.004.Water scarcity is associated with extreme temperatures and high irradiance, and significantly and increasingly affects grapevine yield and quality. In this context, the foliar application of kaolin, a chemically inert mineral that greatly reflects ultraviolet and infrared radiations, as well as, in part, photosynthetically active radiation, has recently been shown to decrease photoinhibition in mature leaves. Here, the influence of this particle film on grapevine leaf metabolome and carbohydrate metabolism was evaluated. Molecular mechanisms underlying photoassimilate synthesis, metabolism and transport capacity were assessed by targeted transcriptional analyses and enzymatic activity assays. Kaolin application increased sucrose concentration in leaves and sucrose transport/phloem loading capacity, as suggested by the stimulation of the transcription of sucrose transporters VvSUC12 and VvSUC27 in these source organs. While the biosynthesis of sucrose increased, as evidenced by higher sucrose content and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity in leaves, the concentration of transitory starch before the dark period remained unaltered, despite a higher total amylolytic activity in the leaves of kaolin-treated plants. Metabolomic analysis by GC-TOF-MS showed that the application of kaolin enhanced the amounts of simple sugars, including fructose, maltose, xylulose, xylose, sophorose, ribose and erythrose; sugars-phosphate, like mannose-6-Pi, hexose-6-Pi, glucose-6-Pi, glucose-1-Pi, glycerol--Pi and fructose-6-Pi; polyols, like xylitol, maltitol, lactitol, glycerol, galactinol and erythritol; organic acids and amino acids.The work was supported by European Union Funds (FEDER/ COMPETE-Operational Competitiveness Programme – INNOVINE – ref. 311775, Enoexcel – Norte – 07-0124-FEDER-000032, and INTERACT – NORTE-01- 0145-FEDER-000017 – Linha VitalityWine – ON 0013), and by Portuguese national funds (FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology) under the project UID/AGR/04033/2013. Artur Conde was supported by INTERACT – NORTE-01- 0145-FEDER-000017 – Linha VitalityWine – ON 0013 (BPD/UTAD/INTERACT/VW/218/ 2016). Richard Breia was supported by FCT under the fellowship PD/ BD/113616/2015.