Prospective timing in pigeons: Isolating temporal perception in the time-left procedure

In the time-left procedure, a task used to study prospective timing, animals choose between two stimuli that signal different delays to reinforcement. Trials begin with one stimulus signaling C seconds to reinforcement and, at different moments since its onset, another stimulus, signaling S seconds to reinforcement, with C>S, is introduced. Optimal performance consists in choosing the stimulus signaling the shorter time to reinforcement. Animals have been found to perform in this optimal way. However, this procedure is complex and variables other than time may be responsible for the results. In two experiments with pigeons we sought to improve the time-left procedure to better isolate the effect of time in the animals' behavior. We attempted to control for two confounding variables, the asymmetry in the time markers from training to testing and the cost of switching between the two response alternatives. We conclude that in the time-left task pigeons seem indeed to regulate their behavior based on time because, with our improved procedure, they still chose the stimulus associated with the shorter time to food. However, our version of the procedure created new interpretative difficulties, strengthening the idea that the time-left procedure may be too complex to study timing.The authors would like to thank Luis Oliveira for his help in developing the present study and Jeremie Jozefowiez for comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. Work supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) grants SFRH/BD/43398/2008 and PTDC/PSI/65678/2006.