Decentralized water and energy infrastructure: Integration into compact urban form

There are new approaches to environmentally sound technologies for water, energy and waste systems in compact cities and these can be effectively integrated into buildings and districts for sustainable living in higher-density urban areas to avoid augmentation of the traditional centralized systems. In the case of decentralized water systems integrated into buildings and districts, the sources of rainwater and groundwater are demonstrated. With the massive issue of urban waste management, minimization and recycling are the key, and while readily achievable with municipal solid waste, a focus is given to construction and demolition waste and how some countries are successfully integrating this material into their compact built form. Solar PV and battery storage systems are leading in the renewable energy revolution and already integrate well into denser urban environments. Finally, in order to avoid the ‘rebound’ affect, the use of smart metering and feedback systems are explained as essential features of eco-technology integrated into the sustainable compact city