Improved flooding tolerance and carbohydrate status of flood-tolerant plant <i>Arundinella anomala</i> at lower water temperature

<div><p>Background</p><p>Operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR, China) imposes a new water fluctuation regime, including a prolonged winter submergence in contrast to the natural short summer flooding of the rivers. The contrasting water temperature regimes may remarkably affect the survival of submerged plants in the TGR. Plant survival in such prolonged flooding might depend on the carbohydrate status of the plants. Therefore, we investigated the effects of water temperature on survival and carbohydrate status in a flood-tolerant plant species and predicted that both survival and carbohydrate status would be improved by lower water temperatures.</p><p>Methodology</p><p>A growth chamber experiment with controlled water temperature were performed with the flood-tolerant species <i>Arundinella anomala</i> from the TGR region. The plants were submerged (80 cm deep water above soil surface) with a constant water temperature at 30°C, 20°C or 10°C. The water temperature effects on survival, plant biomass and carbohydrate content (glucose, fructose and sucrose and starch) in the viable and dead tissues were investigated.</p><p>Principal findings</p><p>The results showed that the survival percentage of <i>A</i>.<i>anomala</i> plants was greatly dependent on water temperature. The two-month submergence survival percentage was 100% at 10°C, 40% at 20°C and 0% at 30°C. Decreasing the water temperature led to both later leaf death and slower biomass loss. Temperature decrease also induced less reduction in glucose, fructose and sucrose in the roots and leaves (before decay, p < 0.05), but only marginally significant in the stems (p < 0.05). However, the starch content level did not differ significantly between the water temperature treatments (p > 0.05). Different water temperatures did not alter the carbon pool size in the stems, leaves and whole plants (p > 0.05), but a clear difference was found in the roots (p < 0.05), with a larger pool size at a lower temperature.</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p>We concluded that (1) <i>A</i>. <i>anomala</i> is characterized by high flooding tolerance and sustained capability to mobilize carbohydrate pool. (2) The survival percentage and carbohydrate status of submerged <i>A</i>. <i>anomala</i> plants were remarkably improved by lower water temperatures. The survival of submergence seemed to be closely associated with the sugar content and carbohydrate pool size of the roots, which contained the lowest amount of carbohydrates. Three Gorges reservoir impoundment in winter is beneficial to the survival of submerged <i>A</i>. <i>anomala</i> in riparian area of the reservoir due to the low water temperature.</p>