Antiviral activity of three compounds on MERS-CoV infection in MDMs and immature MDDCs.

<p>(A) Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), (B) immature dendritic cells (MDDCs) and (C) Vero E6 cells were pretreated with toremifene (TOMF), chloroquine (CQ), and chlorpromazine (CPZ) for 1 h followed by inoculation with MERS-CoV Jordan variant at an MOI = 0.1. Supernatants collected at 72 h post infection (hpi) for APCs and 48 hpi for Vero E6 cells were inoculated onto Vero E6 cells pre-seeded overnight in 96 well plates and incubated for 6 days. Wells with cytopathic effects were counted, and TCID₅₀ was determined using the Reed-Muench method. Cytotoxicity was measured in parallel using luminescent cell viability assay at 48 h after compounds addition to the mock-infected MDMs and immature MDDCs. Antiviral activity is shown in gray and cytotoxicity is shown in orange. Results are representative of 2 individual experiments with 3 replicates in each (means ± standard error of the means [SEM]).