Auranofin, in combination with vorinostat or rapamycin, significantly reduces tumor growth of KHOS/NP and Abrams cells in mice.

<p><b>A-D.</b> Tumor formation assays in nude mice subcutaneously injected with KHOS/NP (1X10⁶ (<b>A</b>, <b>B</b>) or Abrams (1.5X10⁶ (<b>C</b>, <b>D</b>)) OS cells. When tumors reached 3 mm in diameter, mice were intraperitoneally injected with DMSO or auranofin (AF), along with vorinostat (VST (<b>A</b>, <b>C</b>), or rapamycin (RPM (<b>B</b>, <b>D</b>). Tumor sizes were three-dimensionally measured twice a week. Graphs showing sizes of tumors formed in mice (top). Note that the results of DMSO and auranofin alone in (<b>C)</b> were also used in (<b>D)</b>, since experiments in (<b>C)</b> and (<b>D)</b> were performed at the same time. Error bars: means ± S.D. (n = 5 animals for each group in (<b>A</b> and <b>B)</b>; n = 4 animals each group in (<b>C</b> and <b>D</b>)). **, P < 0.01; Student’s <i>t</i> test. NS: Not significant. Representative images of tumors formed in mice at day 21 (bottom). (<b>E)</b> Representative images of immunohistochemistry for Ki67 and cleaved caspase-3 using KHOS/NP tumors treated with DMSO or indicated drugs (magnification, 40X). Scale bars, 200 μm.