Graphic view of the experimental evolution setup.

<p>Three flasks labeled A, B, and C in red (striated caps) were inoculated with both yeast and bacteria whereas the other three flasks labeled D, E, and F in black (caps with no fill) were inoculated with yeast only (controls). The cultures were successively passaged for at most passages depending on the strain (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0194911#pone.0194911.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>). After every 10 passages, cultures were withdrawn and karyotyped using pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Those that underwent genomic rearrangements were then phenotyped using a high-throughput micro-cultivation instrument, Bioscreen C (Oy Growth Curves, Finland).