Simulation of scanner- and patient-specific low-dose CT imaging from existing CT images

Purpose: Simulating low-­dose Computed Tomography (CT) facilitates in-­silico studies into the required dose for a diagnostic task. Conventionally, low-­‐dose CT images are created by adding noise to the projection data. However, in practice the raw data is often simply not available. This paper presents a new method for simulating patient-­‐specific, low-dose CT images without the needof the original projection data. Methods: The low-­dose CT simulation method included the following: (1) computation of a virtual sinogram from a high dose CT image through aradon transform; (2) simulation of a 'reduced'­‐dose sinogram with appropriateamounts of noise; (3) subtraction of the high-­‐dose virtual sinogram from thereduced-­‐dose sinogram; (4) reconstruction of a noise volume via filtered back-projection; (5) addition of the noise image to the original high-dose image. Therequired scanner-­Specific parameters, such as the apodization window, bowtiefilter, the X-ray tube output parameter (reflecting the photon flux) and the detector read-­out noise, were retrieved from calibration images of a watercylinder. The low-­‐dose simulation method was evaluated by comparing thenoise characteristics in simulated images with experimentally acquireddata.Results:The models used to recover the scanner-­specific parameters fitted accurately tothe calibration data, and the values of the parameters were comparable to valuesreported in literature. Finally, the simulated low-dose images accurately reproduced the noise characteristics in experimentally acquired low-dose­‐volumes.Conclusion:The developed methods truthfully simulate low-­dose CT imaging for a specificscanner and reconstruction using filtered backprojection. The scanner-­‐specificparameters can be estimated from calibration data