ATP Dynamics in Pancreatic α- and β-cells

Glucose metabolism in pancreatic α- and β-cells is believed to regulate secretion of glucagon and insulin, respectively. In β-cells, ATP links glucose metabolism to electrical activity and insulin secretion. In α-cells, ATP has been attributed various roles in glucose-regulated glucagon release, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Despite its importance in insulin and glucagon secretion little is known about ATP kinetics in α- and β-cells. In this thesis, the novel fluorescent ATP biosensor Perceval was used to monitor physiologically relevant ATP concentrations with little influence of ADP. Glucose stimulation of β-cells within mouse and human pancreatic islets induced pronounced rise of ATP with superimposed oscillations. Simultaneous measurements of the sub-plasma membrane ATP and Ca2+ concentrations revealed glucose-induced oscillations in opposite phase. ATP increased further and the oscillations ceased when voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx was prevented. In contrast, ATP promptly decreased in response to K+-depolarization-induced elevation of Ca2+. Also mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores lowered ATP, but the negative effect was not due to increased ATP consumption by the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. Store-operated Ca2+ entry alone had little effect but markedly elevated ATP when combined with muscarinic receptor activation. When comparing ATP and Ca2+ responses in α- and β-cells within the same islet, glucose-induced ATP generation was much less pronounced and the dose-response relationship left-shifted in the α-cells. At basal glucose, individual α-cells showed Ca2+ and concomitant ATP oscillations in opposite-phase with variable frequency. These oscillations largely cancelled out when averaging data from several α-cells. At high glucose, the Ca2+ and ATP oscillations in α-cells tended to synchronize with the corresponding β-cell oscillations. Since β-cell Ca2+ oscillations drive pulsatile insulin secretion, which is antiparallel to pulsatile glucagon secretion, there seems to be an inverse relationship between changes in α-cell Ca2+ and glucagon release. This paradox is attributed to paracrine inhibition overriding Ca2+ stimulation, since somatostatin receptor blockade potently stimulated glucagon release with little effect on α-cell Ca2+ signalling. The data indicate that complex ATP-Ca2+ interactions in α- and β-cells underlie cell-intrinsic regulation of glucagon and insulin secretion and that paracrine inhibition of glucagon release becomes important in hyperglycaemia