Praktik poligami tanpa izin Pengadilan Agama dan penerapan sanksi hukumnya: Studi pandangan hakim, ulama dan pegiat kesetaraan gender di Kabupaten Malang

INDONESIA: Praktik poligami merupakan masalah yang sangat kontroversial di masyarakat, karena itu pemerintah Indonesia meregulasi prosedur poligami dengan persyaratan alternatif dan kumulatif yang harus dipenuhi oleh para pihak yang ingin berpoligami. Sampai saat ini UU tentang Perkawinan belum mengatur sanksi pidana bagi suami yang berpoligami tanpa seizin PA, adapun rencana pemberlakuan sanksi hukumnya termuat dalam Rancangan Undang-Undang Hukum Materiil Pengadilan Agama (RUU HMPA) tahun 2008, yang hingga saat ini belum diputuskan. Dan aturan yang sudah ada hanyalah tentang pembatalan perkawinan, jika para pihak tidak memenuhi syarat-syarat perkawinan, yaitu yang diatur pada pasal 71 Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI), yang pernah diputuskan oleh Mahkamah Agung (MA) melalui putusan No. 2039 K/Pdt/1999. Kabupaten Malang sendiri, dengan keberagaman etnis dan populasi yang padat serta latar belakang sosial, ekonomi, budaya dan pendidikan yang bervariasi, sangat mendukung menjadi kantong suburnya praktik poligami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan praktik poligami tanpa izin Pengadilan Agama dan penerapan sanksi hukumnya berdasarkan pandangan Hakim, Ulama dan Pegiat Kesetaraan Gender, dengan sub fokus mencakup: (1) Konsep poligami dalam perundang-undangan di Indonesia, (2) Praktik poligami tanpa izin PA, (3) Penerapan sanksi hukum terhadap praktik poligami tanpa izin PA. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan sosiologis dan menggunakan analisis isi. Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara. Teknis analisis data meliputi reduksi data, display data dan kesimpulan. Pengecekan keabsahan temuan dilakukan dengan ketekunan pengamatan dan triangulasi sumber. Informan penelitian yaitu para Hakim, Ulama dan Pegiat Kesetaraan Gender di Kabupaten Malang sebagai subyek primer, serta pelaku poligami sebagai subyek sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : (1) Konsep perkawinan dalam UU di Indonesia pada hakikatnya menganut asas monogami, tetapi memungkinkan dilakukannya poligami jika memenuhi persyaratan-persyaratannya, (2) Praktik poligami tanpa izin PA menurut mayoritas Ulama tidak terlalu dipermasalahkan, namun para Hakim dan Pegiat Kesetaraan Gender sangat mempermasalahkannya, perbedaan pendapat tersebut tidak lepas dilatarbelakangi oleh faktor pendidikan, perilaku keagamaan, pola pikir, konstruk sosial dan lainnya, (3) Penerapan sanksi hukum bagi pelaku poligami tanpa izin PA merupakan formulasi hukum dengan bentuk sanksi baik berupa pembatalan perkawinan, pemecatan dari pekerjaan bagi PNS, denda, penjara bahkan sanksi pidana atas pemalsuan identitas dan dokumen. ENGLISH: Polygamy practice is a very controversial issue in society, and therefore the government has to regulate polygamy procedure with the alternatives and cumulatives requirements that must be complete by the subject of polygamy. And nowadays the regulation haven't managed criminal's sanction for the husband who will get polygamy without Religious Court’s permission, there is plan even sanction application to the subject of polygamy without Religious Court’s permission which written on The Jurisdictional Statute Design Materiil Religion Justice (HMPA) year 2008, one that until now on the fence. And existing order only about marriage invalidation, if marriage ineligibility the parties, which is that ruled on section 71 Islamic Law Compilations (KHI), that has once been decided by Supreme Court (MA) by verdict Number 2039 K/Pdt/1999. Anyway ethnic diversity, a dense population with a background of social, economic, cultural and education are varied, very supportive the polygamy practice in the district of Malang. This study aims to describe the polygamy practice without Religious court’s permission and the application of legal sanctions based on the views of judges, scholars and activists Gender Equality, with sub focus include: (1) The concept of polygamy’s laws in Indonesia, (2) The polygamy practice without Religious Court’s permission, (3) The application of legal sanctions against the polygamy practice without Religious Court’s permission. This research uses descriptive qualitative research with sociological approach and content analysis. Primary data collection was done by using interviews. Technical analysis of data including data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing. Checking the validity of the findings made by the diligence of observation and triangulation of sources. Research informants are the Judges, Scholars and Activists Gender Equality in the District of Malang as the main subject, as well as supporting actor as the subject of polygamy. This result showed that : (1) Marriage concept in the legislation at Indonesia is based on monoga my but enabling be done polygamy by complying a rule and regulation, (2) The polygamy practice without religious court license according to the majority of the Scholars are not too disputed, but the Judges and Activist Gender Equality is disputed, that difference of opinion not untrammeled by education history, religiousness's behaviour, patterned thinking, social custom and another factors, (3) The application of legal sanctions for the subjects of polygamy without Religious Court’s permission is a constitutes law formulation with sanction either in the form of cancellation of marriage, termination of employment for civil servants, fined, imprisoned and even criminal punished by the falsification of identity and documents