Ecological characteristics of different technologies.

<p>(A) Barchart displays specialization measured as the fraction of PubMed results for each technology published in the most common journal, and cooperativity as the number of authors per publication. Among languages, all were specialized in the field of bioinformatics except Fortran. Bioconductor was most specialized, while Visual Basic was least specialized. Among HIT, RIS was most specialized while RS were least specialized. Cooperativity between languages and HIT were comparable. Among languages, specialization and cooperativity were positively correlated, while among HIT they were negatively correlated. (B) Time-to-event curves depict rates of evolution, as measured by time to version releases for languages. Perl's early evolution was slower but then accelerated. Plots of specialization and cooperativity versus (C) network edges and (D) nodes. P-values of linear fits are (C) 0.11 and 0.07, (D) 0.06 and 0.04.