CCL2⁺ astrocytes are expressed in T-cell infiltration areas in monkey brain.

<p>(A) Immunofluorescence shows the specific CCL2 expression located at the area of adenoviral injection in the macaque brain. Drawing on the right shows the anatomical location of the stereotaxic injection in the brain cortex. (B) Confocal images of BVs in an intact area and an injected area of the monkey brain. Perivascular astrocytes marked with GFAP (green) show CCL2 expression (red) in the adenoviral-injected areas. DAPI (blue) was used as a nuclear counterstaining to show the peculiar disposition of endothelial nuclei. (C) CCL2 is expressed by astrocytes in inflamed monkey brain. The staining of CCL2 (red) colocalizes with the astrocyte marker GFAP (green) in monkey cortex in the adenovirally injected area. (D) Three dimensional transparency of an area of CD3⁺ T-cells (green) infiltration shows specific CCL2 expression (magenta) in the brain of adenoviral injected monkey. DAPI was used as a counterstaining. Details of the insert are shown in the images on the right. (E) The stereological quantification of serial adjacent sections demonstrated that the number of infiltrated CD3⁺ cells correlates with CCL2⁺ cells in adenoviral injected areas in monkey brain.