Assessing the Reactivity of Free Chlorine Constituents Cl₂, Cl₂O, and HOCl Toward Aromatic Ethers

Cl₂ and Cl₂O are highly reactive electrophiles capable of influencing rates of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursor chlorination in solutions of free available chlorine (FAC). The current work examines how organic compound structure influences susceptibility toward chlorination by Cl₂ and Cl₂O relative to the more abundant (but less reactive) electrophile HOCl. Chlorination rates and products were determined for three aromatic ethers, whose reactivities with FAC increased in the order: 3-methylanisole <1,3-dimethoxybenzene <1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene. Varying solution conditions (pH, [FAC], [Cl^–]) permitted quantification of regiospecific second-order rate constants for formation of each product by Cl₂, Cl₂O, and HOCl. Our results indicate that as the reactivity of methoxybenzenes decreases, the importance of Cl₂ and Cl₂O (relative to HOCl) increases. Accordingly, Cl₂ and Cl₂O are likely to play important roles in generating DBPs that originate from natural organic matter (NOM) constituents of somewhat moderate reactivity. As [Cl₂] is proportional to [Cl^–] and [Cl₂O] is proportional to [HOCl]², ramifications for DBP control measures may differ significantly for these precursors compared to more reactive NOM moieties likely to react predominantly with HOCl. In particular, the role of chloride as a chlorination catalyst challenges its traditional classification as an “inert” electrolyte in water treatment processes