Takeoff trajectory and wing versus tail-membrane motions.

<p>Digitized tracings of left wing tip (blue) and tail tip (red) for three takeoff trajectories observed in little brown myotis (<i>Myotis lucifugus</i>). Angle of flight trajectories are represented by tilt of each cylinder. Data are provided below each cylinder indicating least degree of left wing stroke angle to body plane (β) and maximal tail-membrane stroke angles above the body plane (θ = +angle) and below the body plane (θ′ = −angle) for each individual adjusted to the horizontal for comparison. Hinge indicates a pivot-point presumably at the sacral/caudal vertebral joint. Body plane is indicated by the dotted arrow and <i>U</i> = velocity.