TMV activate the PI3K/Akt pathway.

<p>(A) TMV activated Akt in NEC. NEC were incubated with TMV (50 µg/ml) for the indicated time periods, and phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt) and total-Akt (t-Akt) levels were determined in cell lysates by immunoblotting. Lower; Relative phosphorylated-Akt levels (p-Akt/t-Akt). (B) LY294002 inhibited Akt phosphorylation induced by TMV. NEC were preincubated with or without LY294002 (20 µM) for 2 h, then with or without TMV (50 µg/ml) for 20 min. Relative phosphorylated-Akt levels were quantified by immunoblotting. (C) The endocytosis inhibitor blocked Akt phosphorylation induced by TMV. NEC were preincubated with or without dynasore (20, 40 µM) for 30 min, and then with or without TMV (50 µg/ml) for 20 min. Relative phosphorylated-Akt levels were quantified by immunoblotting.