Reconstruction of Protein Side-Chain Conformational Free Energy Surfaces From NMR-Derived Methyl Axis Order Parameters

An analytical approach is developed for reconstructing site-specific methyl-bearing protein side-chain conformational energy surfaces from NMR methyl axis order parameters (<i>O</i>_axis²). Application of an enhanced sampling algorithm (adaptive biasing force) to molecular dynamics simulation of a protein, calcium-bound calmodulin, reveals a nonlinear correlation between <i>O</i>_axis² and the populations of rotamer states of protein side-chains, permitting the rotamer populations to be extracted directly from <i>O</i>_axis². The analytical approach yields side-chain conformational distributions that are in excellent agreement with those obtained from the enhanced-sampling MD results