Anti-TNF-α treatment restores insulin signaling in new onset diabetic NOD mice.

<p>A) Compares tyrosyl phosphorylation of the insulin receptor in normal controls vs. newly diabetic and anti-TNF-α treated NOD mice. B) Compares tyrosyl phosphorylation of IRS-1 in normal controls vs. newly diabetic and anti-TNF-α treated NOD mice. The left side shows representative immunoblots. The right side shows quantitative analysis of the immunoblots. Mice (n = 6–8/group) were fasted overnight and injected with human insulin (20 units/kg body weight i.p.) to acutely stimulate insulin signaling. Mice were sacrificed 10 minutes later. Fat tissue obtained (50 days post-treatment) was dissected and frozen in liquid nitrogen before immunoblotting analysis of insulin signaling proteins among i) normal non-diabetic NOD mice; ii) newly diagnosed diabetic NOD mice treated with conventional insulin therapy; iii) anti-TNF-α treated NOD mice at 50 days post- treatment.