Monitoring an Alien Invasion: DNA Barcoding and the Identification of Lionfish and Their Prey on Coral Reefs of the Mexican Caribbean

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>In the Mexican Caribbean, the exotic lionfish <em>Pterois volitans</em> has become a species of great concern because of their predatory habits and rapid expansion onto the Mesoamerican coral reef, the second largest continuous reef system in the world. This is the first report of DNA identification of stomach contents of lionfish using the barcode of life reference database (BOLD).</p> <h3>Methodology/Principal Findings</h3><p>We confirm with barcoding that only <em>Pterois volitans</em> is apparently present in the Mexican Caribbean. We analyzed the stomach contents of 157 specimens of <em>P. volitans</em> from various locations in the region. Based on DNA matches in the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) and GenBank, we identified fishes from five orders, 14 families, 22 genera and 34 species in the stomach contents. The families with the most species represented were Gobiidae and Apogonidae. Some prey taxa are commercially important species. Seven species were new records for the Mexican Caribbean: <em>Apogon mosavi, Coryphopterus venezuelae, C. thrix, C. tortugae</em>, <em>Lythrypnus minimus</em>, <em>Starksia langi and S. ocellata</em>. DNA matches, as well as the presence of intact lionfish in the stomach contents, indicate some degree of cannibalism, a behavior confirmed in this species by the first time. We obtained 45 distinct crustacean prey sequences, from which only 20 taxa could be identified from the BOLD and GenBank databases. The matches were primarily to Decapoda but only a single taxon could be identified to the species level, <em>Euphausia americana</em>.</p> <h3>Conclusions/Significance</h3><p>This technique proved to be an efficient and useful method, especially since prey species could be identified from partially-digested remains. The primary limitation is the lack of comprehensive coverage of potential prey species in the region in the BOLD and GenBank databases, especially among invertebrates.</p>