Effects of the ethanol extract of red mold dioscorea (RMDE) on the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD).

<p>(A). Effects of RMDE on the expression of SOD-3::green fluorescent protein (GFP). Immediately after hatching, age-synchronized, transgenic L1 worms of the CF1553 strain (<i>sod-3</i>:: GFP) were treated with 10 µg/mL RMDE or 0.1% DMSO as the solvent control for 72 h at 20°C, followed by 150 µM juglone exposure for 1 h. Subsequently, the total GFP fluorescence of each whole worm was quantified by Image-Pro Plus software. Data shown are the average number of pixels in transgenic <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (<i>n</i> = 20) at each indicated treatment. (B) Effects of RMDE on the SOD-3 mRNA level. Synchronized WT N2, <i>daf-16(mgDf50)</i> mutant, and CF1553 strain L1 larvae were pretreated with 10 µg/mL RMDE or 0.1% DMSO as the solvent control for 72 h at 20°C and then total RNA was extracted. mRNA level of SOD-3 was determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. SOD-3 mRNA levels were normalized to the expression of AMA-1. The fold change was normalized to that observed in untreated control <i>C. elegans</i> samples. The test was performed three times. Error bars represent the standard error, and differences compared to the control (0.1% DMSO) were considered significant at <i>p</i><0.05 (*), <i>p</i><0.01 (**) by one-way ANOVA and the LSD post-hoc test. ns, no significant.