HSE inhibited breast cancer cell growth, induce G1 cell cycle arrest, maintained the expression of tumor suppressor proteins and suppressed the expression of oncogenic proteins over other whole grain extracts.

<p>A, breast cancer cells MDA-MB 231, MCF-7, and SKBR-3 were treated with HSE. After 24 h, cell viability was evaluated by the MTT assay. B, the expression of Bcl-2, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E, ppRb, pRb, p53, p21 and BRCA1 in MDA-MB 231 cells. C, the cell cycle arrest is confirmed through flow cytometry. Flow cytometry MDA-MB 231 cells using propidium iodide flow cytometry. D, the oncogenic protein expression of in MDA-MB 231 cells treated with whole grain extracts (10 µg/ml). The protein extracts were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE, and western blots were performed as described in experimental procedures. β-actin was used as a control for protein loading. Data represent the mean of at least three separate experiments, mean ± SEM. Asterisks indicate a IC₅₀ value.