Vault nanocapsules encourage production of CD4+ T cells upon vaccination.

<p>Mice were injected with various immunogens as shown on the x-axis; saline (○), unencapsulated OVA with saline (▪), CP (▴), CP-OVA (▴), CPZ (⧫), CPZ-OVA (⧫), liposome (•), or liposome-OVA (•). Splenocytes were harvested, stained and gated on lymphocytes as described in the methods section. The frequency of CD4 subpopulations are shown on the y-axis. (A) Total CD4+ cells, (B) CD4+ memory cells (CD4+CD44^hi), (C) IFNγ-producing CD4+ cells, (D) IL-17 producing CD4+ cells and (E) IL-4 producing CD4 cells. The cell populations from immunized groups were compared using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni’s post-hoc test). ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05. Representative of 2 independent experiments.