Electron microscope comparison of syncytia developed in wild type and

<p>ΔΔ<b><i>ugd23</i></b><b> mutant roots.</b> Syncytia induced in ΔΔ<i>ugd23</i> mutant roots at 3 dpi lacked electron dense cytoplasm and numerous organelles are degenerated compared to those induced in wild-type roots. 5 dpi syncytia in ΔΔ<i>ugd23</i> mutant revealed a similar ultrastructure as observed in 3 dpi syncytia. 10 dpi syncytia associated with a female nematode in roots of ΔΔ<i>ugd23</i> mutants lacked cell wall ingrowths compared to wild type syncytia. Sections of syncytia induced in wild type (A, C, and E) and ΔΔ<i>ugd23</i> (B, D, and F–H) plants collected at 3 (A, B and G), 5 (C and D) and 10 (E, F, and H) dpi. Scale bars 5 (A–D) and 2 (E–H) µm. CW: cell wall, M: mitochondrion, N: nucleus, S: syncytium, X: xylem, V: vacuole, arrows: cell wall ingrowths (E). Asterisk: chromatin/nucleolus clumps (B and H).