Estimates of net diversification rates and ancestral host plant reconstruction of the tribe Apameini based on the Bayesian chronogram.

<p>A coloured pastille indicating the most likely ancestral host plant is displayed at the root of the topology and at the nodes for which a host-plant shift (green arrow) is observed. When no pastille is shown, it means that the ancestral host plant is the same as the root. Present hot-plants are specified on the right of the genera names. Colours of the pastilles correspond to the listed families at the bottom left corner of the chronogram. Asterisks above the nodes indicate a strong support for the recovered family (>2 log-likelihood units against the second better score). A 5 Myr-timescale is placed at the bottom of the chronogram. The vertical bars next to the genera names delimit the two subtribes (Apameina in orange and Sesamiina in green). The net diversification rates calculated for each genus are shown on the branches. Colour of the branches match the different levels of rates presented above the host-plant families. Two stars at corresponding nodes indicate maximum likelihood estimate of rate-shift location inferred under two-rate diversification model. The species richness of each genus is displayed in brackets after the name. At the bottom of the figure, a graphic illustrates the variations in relative temperature (approximated by δ¹⁸O in ‰) from the mid-Oligocene to the Holocene. Major climatic events are presented along with the most important stages in the evolution of grasses.