Phylogenetic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Chemosensory Receptors in a Pair of Divergent Ant Species Reveals Sex-Specific Signatures of Odor Coding

<div><p>Ants are a highly successful family of insects that thrive in a variety of habitats across the world. Perhaps their best-known features are complex social organization and strict division of labor, separating reproduction from the day-to-day maintenance and care of the colony, as well as strict discrimination against foreign individuals. Since these social characteristics in ants are thought to be mediated by semiochemicals, a thorough analysis of these signals, and the receptors that detect them, is critical in revealing mechanisms that lead to stereotypic behaviors. To address these questions, we have defined and characterized the major chemoreceptor families in a pair of behaviorally and evolutionarily distinct ant species, <em>Camponotus floridanus</em> and <em>Harpegnathos saltator</em>. Through comprehensive re-annotation, we show that these ant species harbor some of the largest yet known repertoires of odorant receptors (<em>Ors</em>) among insects, as well as a more modest number of gustatory receptors (<em>Grs</em>) and variant ionotropic glutamate receptors (<em>Irs</em>). Our phylogenetic analyses further demonstrate remarkably rapid gains and losses of ant <em>Ors</em>, while <em>Grs</em> and <em>Irs</em> have also experienced birth-and-death evolution to different degrees. In addition, comparisons of antennal transcriptomes between sexes identify many chemoreceptors that are differentially expressed between males and females and between species. We have also revealed an agonist for a worker-enriched OR from <em>C. floridanus</em>, representing the first case of a heterologously characterized ant tuning Or. Collectively, our analysis reveals a large number of ant chemoreceptors exhibiting patterns of differential expression and evolution consistent with sex/species-specific functions. These differentially expressed genes are likely associated with sex-based differences, as well as the radically different social lifestyles observed between <em>C. floridanus</em> and <em>H. saltator</em>, and thus are targets for further functional characterization. Our findings represent an important advance toward understanding the molecular basis of social interactions and the differential chemical ecologies among ant species.</p>