Effects of different sizes of TiO₂-NPs on ROS production and expression patterns of genes controlling oxidative stress in nematodes.

<p>(A–B) Comparison of ROS production in nematodes exposed to different sizes of TiO₂-NPs. (C) Expression patterns of genes controlling oxidative stress in nematodes exposed to different sizes of TiO₂-NPs at the concentration of 10 µg/L. (D) Expression patterns of <i>sod-2</i> gene in nematodes exposed to different sizes of TiO₂-NPs. (E) Expression patterns of <i>sod-3</i> gene in nematodes exposed to different sizes of TiO₂-NPs. Relative expression ratios (between target genes and <i>act-1</i> reference gene) in treatments were normalized to the control. Exposure of TiO₂-NPs was performed from L1-larvae, and the endpoints were examined when nematodes developed into the adults. Ti-NPs, TiO₂-NPs. The Bars represent mean±S.E.M. *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01.