The total frequency of (<i>a</i>) sweeping and (<i>b</i>) digging behaviours during a 90 minute experiment.

<p>Results shown are for each caste (RM: reproductive males and W: workers) in different experimental settings. Q(–): experiment 1 without a queen (RM: <i>n = </i>5; W: <i>n</i> = 21); Q(+): experiment 1 with a queen (RM: <i>n</i> = 5; W: <i>n</i> = 23); exp 2: experiment 2 (RM: <i>n</i> = 5; W: <i>n</i> = 16). Asterisk indicates a significant difference. Individual mean ±1 S.E. is shown.