HG inhibited population growth by increased apoptosis with no significant effect on rate of cell division.

<p><b>a</b> Cells were cultured in LG or HG conditions and total number of viable cells was quantified each day as determined by Guava Viacount assay. Data are normalized to the number of cells seeded on day 0, and represented as mean ± s.d.; n = 3. *, <i>P</i><0.001. <b>b</b> ERoSHK cells pretreated with LG and HG for 6 days were stained with CFSE and the rate of loss of fluorescence signal was monitored over 72 h by flow cytometry. The number of divisions per 24 h during the 72 h period after 6 days of LG and HG treatment is graphically represented (mean ± s.d.; n = 3). <b>c </b><i>Left panel</i>, ERoSHK_LG and ERoSHK_HG were stained with phycoerythrin-conjugated Annexin V and dye fluorescence was measured by flow cytometry. The gates on scatter plots of side-scatter (SSC) versus phycoerythrin fluorescence intensity represent Annexin V-positive cells. <i>Right panel</i>, percentages of Annexin V-positive cells were assessed daily over a period of 72 h and graphically represented. Data are presented as mean ± s.d.; n = 3. *, <i>P</i><0.001. <b>d </b><i>Upper panel</i>, ERoSHK_LG and ERoSHK_HG were fixed, stained with propidium iodide (PI) and dye fluorescence was measured by flow cytometry. Histogram plot of cell number versus PI fluorescence intensity was deconvoluted using ModFit LT software. Percentage of cells in each phase of the cell cycle is depicted above their respective peaks. <i>Lower panel</i>, the experiment was further repeated 24, 48 and 72 h post treatment and percentages of cells in the different cell cycle phases are graphically represented. Data are presented as mean ± s.d.; n = 3. *, <i>P</i><0.05; **, <i>P</i><0.005; ***, <i>P</i><0.001.