PQ- or H₂O₂-mediated oxidative stress causes global metabolic changes.

<p>(<b>A–B</b>) Survival of <i>E. histolytica</i> trophozoites after 12 h of treatment with varying concentrations of PQ (<b>A</b>) or H₂O₂ (<b>B</b>). The average viability (%) ± standard deviation (SD, error bars) at various concentrations of PQ or H₂O₂ is shown. (<b>C</b>) Effect of 1 mM of PQ treatment for 1, 3, 6, or 12 h on the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species. Average level of 2′, 7′-DCF-DA fluorescence (arbitrary units) ±S.D. (error bars) in 5×10⁵ cells is shown (<b>D</b>) Heat map produced by hierarchical clustering of metabolite profiles obtained from CE-TOFMS analysis. Rows correspond to metabolites and columns correspond to the duration of treatment. Metabolite levels are expressed as fold change with respect to time 0 h. Shades in red and green indicate increase or decrease in the levels of metabolites, respectively, according to the scale bar shown at the bottom.