DMF inhibits TGF-β-stimulated PAI-1, α-SMA, fibronectin and type 1 collagen expression.

<p>(A and B) Representative semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the effects of DMF on PAI-1, α-SMA, fibronectin and type 1 collagen expression in TGF-β-stimulated NRK-49F cells. NRK-49F cells were starved for 12 h, treated with DMF for 1 h, and then stimulated with TGF-β (2 ng/ml) for 6 h (A) or 24 h (B). (C) Representative real-time RT-PCR analysis of the effects of DMF on TGF-β-stimulated PAI-1 and α-SMA mRNA expression. NRK-49F cells were treated with DMF for 1 h and then stimulated with TGF-β (2 ng/ml) for 6 h. Cells were harvested for real-time PCR analysis, and data represent the means ±SE of three independent measurements. ^*<i>P</i><0.01 vs. control; ^**<i>P</i><0.01, ^#<i>P</i><0.001 vs. TGF-β stimulation (upper panel); ^*<i>P</i><0.001 vs. control; ^**<i>P</i><0.01, ^#<i>P</i><0.001 vs. TGF-β stimulation (lower panel). (D and E) Representative Western blot analysis of the effect of DMF on PAI-1 expression in TGF-β-stimulated NRK-49F (D) and RMC (E) cells. Cells were starved for 12 h and pretreated with DMF for 1 h and then stimulated with TGF-β (2 ng/ml) for 12 h.