Simplified scheme of carbon flux rates.

<p>Fluxes are shown in C-mmol (gdw*h)⁻¹ from A-stat experiments of <i>Lactococcus lactis</i>. Blue line represents average values of three independent experiments and red lines represent upper and lower values of standard deviations. Originally input values were experimentally measured at 20 time points and the other points were extrapolated between the measured values to calculate metabolic fluxes at interval of 0.01 h⁻¹. Violet boxes are substrates, orange boxes are products and blue boxes intracellular metabolites. Diamonds illustrates proteins and pathways involved in the given conversion of metabolites. ace - acetate, lact - lactate, etOH - ethanol, Glc - glucose, Orn - ornithine, Glx - glutamate + glutamine, Asx - aspartate + asparagine, PPP - peptose phosphate pathway, Pyr - pyrimidine synthesis, Pur - purine synthesis, I_AA_Glu_Group - the sum of consumption of arginine, proline, glutamine and glutamate, I_AA_Ala_Group - the sum of consumption of alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glycine, serine and threonine, I_AA_His_Group - the sum of consumption of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine, X_prod_Pyr - unmeasured products to balance carbon in the calculations, X_prod_AA3 - unmeasured products from histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine to balance carbon in the calculations and X_prod_Glu - unmeasured products from arginine, proline, glutamine and glutamate to balance carbon in the calculations.