HCLE cells cultured on silk film substrates.

<p>(A) Flat silk film surfaces were absent of significant surface roughness, and (B) sustained healthy cell sheet cultures with (C) apparent cellular adherence to the culture surface. (D) Desired lined patterns of 4-µm feature pitch dimensions with 2-µm ridge widths were formed upon the silk film surfaces, and (E) sustained healthy cell sheet cultures with (F) apparent cellular adherence to the top surfaces of the patterned surface topography.