Effect of spatial and temporal variation of human disturbance on elk vigilance levels.

<p>Coefficients and standard errors (β±SE) estimated for the land-use/season variable by the best linear mixed effect models (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050611#pone-0050611-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>) predicting group vigilance in 424 elk groups (upper panel) and scan frequency (lower panel) in 870 focal elk observed in SW Alberta, Canada. The land-use/season dummy variable was derived from the combination of 3 seasons (summer, hunting, and winter-spring) with 3 different management strategies (public land, private land, and national park). No elk were observed in the Public land during winter-spring. All coefficients are in reference to the public land during the hunting season.