Molecular chronogram of Rosaceae.

<p>Maximum clade credibility tree obtained from 25000 post burn-in Bayesian chronograms generated in BEAST, with median branch lengths. Grey bars at nodes represent 95% Highest Posterior Densities of node ages. The red dots indicates age constraints used for the analysis; (1) The split between Rosales and Fabales was constrained to an age of 104–115 Ma based on a previous analysis <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050358#pone.0050358-Wang1" target="_blank">[31]</a>, and (2) a <i>Crataegites borealis</i> fossil was used to set a conservative minimum age of 85.8 Ma on Rosaceae <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050358#pone.0050358-Samylina1" target="_blank">[32]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050358#pone.0050358-Kelley1" target="_blank">[34]</a>. Subclades of Rosaceae were calibrated using fossil data from (3) <i>Neviusia</i>, 48.7 Ma <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050358#pone.0050358-Wehr1" target="_blank">[35]</a>, (4) <i>Chamaebatiaria</i>, 26.85 Ma <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050358#pone.0050358-Axelrod1" target="_blank">[40]</a>, (5) <i>Holodiscus</i>, 34.1 Ma <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050358#pone.0050358-Schorn1" target="_blank">[37]</a>, (6) <i>Spiraea</i>, 48 Ma <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050358#pone.0050358-Wehr1" target="_blank">[35]</a>, (7) <i>Rosa</i>, 34.1 Ma <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050358#pone.0050358-Meyer1" target="_blank">[38]</a>, (8) <i>Fragaria</i>, 2.5 Ma <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050358#pone.0050358-Matthews1" target="_blank">[45]</a>, (9) <i>Potentilla</i> 11.6 Ma <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050358#pone.0050358-Mai1" target="_blank">[42]</a>. A uniform prior with a maximum age of 115 Ma was used for all calibration points. Also indicated are the tribes of Rosaceae (species highlighted in blue and yellow) as well as the ivesioid clade highlighted in red. Time scale from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050358#pone.0050358-Gradstein1" target="_blank">[61]</a>.