Characteristics of amino-acid replacements under positive selection in the C₄ lineages of Amaranthaceae.

a<p>Amino acid (AA) numbering is based on the spinach sequence after <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052974#pone.0052974-Knight1" target="_blank">[63]</a>.</p>b<p>Side chain type changes. Types abbreviations: H – hydrophobic; N – nonpolar aliphatic; P – polar uncharged; U – hydrophilic (after <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052974#pone.0052974-Nelson1" target="_blank">[64]</a>).</p>c<p>Hydropathicity difference <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052974#pone.0052974-Kyte1" target="_blank">[65]</a>.</p>d<p>Polarity difference <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052974#pone.0052974-Grantham1" target="_blank">[66]</a>.</p>e<p>van der Waals volume difference <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052974#pone.0052974-Zamyatin1" target="_blank">[67]</a>.</p>f<p>Solvent accessibility calculated using the spinach structure (pdb file 1RBO) by CUPSAT <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052974#pone.0052974-Parthiban1" target="_blank">[44]</a>.</p>g<p>Overall stability of the protein predicted using the spinach structure (pdb file 1RBO) by CUPSAT <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052974#pone.0052974-Parthiban1" target="_blank">[44]</a>. DS – destabilizing, S – stabilizing.</p>h<p>RFPS – relative frequency of the particular residue to be under positive selection in C₃ plants. Data from 112 <i>rbcL</i> datasets with detected positive selection from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052974#pone.0052974-Kapralov1" target="_blank">[6]</a>.</p>i<p>Percentage of C₃ and C₄ species that have ‘C₄’ amino acid among the 95 C₃ species and 84 C₄ species of Amaranthaceae analysed.</p>j<p>Interactions in which the selected residues and/or residues within 5 Å of them are involved. ID – intradimer interactions; DD – dimer-dimer interactions (after <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052974#pone.0052974-Knight1" target="_blank">[63]</a>).