Proposed schematics of ammonia-induced cytokines and resveratrol protection in astroglial cells.

<p>Ammonia induces increase in intracellular ROS production and cytokines, probably through cAMP/PKA, ERK and NO. Resveratrol (RSV) decreases the levels of ROS and cytokines. The protective mechanism by which resveratrol prevents cytokines production is through inhibition of ERK signaling pathway and NF-κB and reduction of NO levels. Thus, RSV protects astroglial cells against ammonia-induced oxidative stress and/or cytokines release.