Overview of how antennal stimulation in free-flying animals was achieved.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Top view of a moth's head, with one electrode pair placed (indicated by red arrow), but not yet waxed down, to target extrinsic antennal muscles. The other electrode pair has not yet been placed. (<b>B</b>) Photograph of a typical pair of tungsten electrodes used for electrical stimulation of extrinsic muscles. (<b>C</b>) Photograph of the “RadioFlyer” microcircuit that is mounted ventrally on a moth to provide telemetrically triggered electric muscle stimulation. (<b>D</b>) Simplified schematic (redrawn and modified from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052725#pone.0052725-Kloppenburg1" target="_blank">[10]</a>) showing the two muscle groups involved in positioning a moth's antennae. Extrinsic muscles, which move the whole antenna with respect to the head, were targeted for the experiments presented here.