The Calmodulin-like Calcium Binding Protein EhCaBP3 of <em>Entamoeba histolytica</em> Regulates Phagocytosis and Is Involved in Actin Dynamics

<div><p>Phagocytosis is required for proliferation and pathogenesis of <em>Entamoeba histolytica</em> and erythrophagocytosis is considered to be a marker of invasive amoebiasis. Ca²⁺ has been found to play a central role in the process of phagocytosis. However, the molecular mechanisms and the signalling mediated by Ca²⁺ still remain largely unknown. Here we show that Calmodulin-like calcium binding protein EhCaBP3 of <em>E. histolytica</em> is directly involved in disease pathomechanism by its capacity to participate in cytoskeleton dynamics and scission machinery during erythrophagocytosis. Using imaging techniques EhCaBP3 was found in phagocytic cups and newly formed phagosomes along with actin and myosin IB. <em>In vitro</em> studies confirmed that EhCaBP3 directly binds actin, and affected both its polymerization and bundling activity. Moreover, it also binds myosin 1B in the presence of Ca²⁺. In cells where EhCaBP3 expression was down regulated by antisense RNA, the level of RBC uptake was reduced, myosin IB was found to be absent at the site of pseudopod cup closure and the time taken for phagocytosis increased, suggesting that EhCaBP3 along with myosin 1B mediate the closure of phagocytic cups. Experiments with EhCaBP3 mutant defective in Ca²⁺ -binding showed that Ca²⁺ binding is required for phagosome formation. Liposome binding assay revealed that EhCaBP3 recruitment and enrichment to membrane is independent of any cellular protein as it binds directly to phosphatidylserine. Taken together, our results suggest a novel pathway mediating phagocytosis in <em>E. histolytica,</em> and an unusual mechanism of modulation of cytoskeleton dynamics by two calcium binding proteins, EhCaBP1 and EhCaBP3 with mostly non-overlapping functions.</p>