Inflammatory responses were induced by the inactivated EV71 vaccine.

<p>Measure of serum proinflammatory cytokines (a) and the modulation of the expression of genes associated with the inflammatory response (b). (a) Levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines in vaccinated and placebo subjects. All cytokine (IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL12p70, TNF-α and IFN-γ) levels were measured with an R&D Systems assay kits according to the manufacturer protocol. (b) The genes modulated and associated with the inflammatory response in vaccinated group (Vac) and placebo group (Pla) were classified and fallen under different functional categories: (1) ILs group: IL1A, IL1B, IL2RA, NFKBIZ (activator of IL-6 expression), IL8, IL17C, IL26 and IL32 in the IL group; (2) TNFs group: TNFAIP2 and TNFAIP6; (3) IFNs group: IFNA10 and OAS2 (activator of IFN-γ); (4) chemokines group: CCL3, CCL4, CCL15, CCL23, CCL26, CXCL1, CXCL3 and CXCR7. The levels of gene expression were measured by microarray analysis as described in the Methods. Data are shown in log₂ scale.