The effect of PAWW stress on circadian clock.

<p>Continuous stress similarly affects circadian rhythm behavior under constant darkness (D:D) and under light/dark (L:D) conditions (A). Light/dark cycles are shown as white/black bars on the actogram. The numbers and the arrow on the left indicate days of exposure to PAWW stress and periods of PAWW stress, respectively. The arrowhead on the right indicates the transition from L:D to D:D. Circadian oscillation of clock genes, <i>Per2</i> (B) and <i>Bmal1</i> (C) in the liver (left) and muscle (right) of the stressed (closed circles) and control mice (open circles). The black and white bars indicate light/dark conditions respectively. Univariate two-way ANOVA did not reveal a significant difference. The asterisks indicate a significant difference between the control and stress conditions by post hoc Tukey's analysis. Relative expression of each gene in the tissues at each time point in 4 mice (means ± SEM).