Bortezomib induces autophagy in HCC.

<p>A, dose-dependent effects of bortezomib-induced autophagy. HCC cells were treated with bortezomib at the indicated concentrations for 24 hours. Cell lysates were prepared for immunoblotting of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3). B, time-dependent effects of bortezomib-induced autophagy. Cells were exposed to bortezomib at the indicated concentrations for 24 or 48 hours. C, effects of bortezomib on LC3-II. <i>Left,</i> analysis of LC3-II staining by flow cytometry. Cells were treated with bortezomib at 800 nM for 16 or 24 hours. <i>Right,</i> analysis of LC3-II immunofluorescence. Hep3B cells were treated with bortezomib at 800 nM for 24 hours. D, <i>top,</i> LC3-GFP staining. <i>Bottom,</i> acridine orange stain.