Dyrk1A expression in the spinal cord and facial nucleus at postnatal day 10, postnatal day 14 and adulthood.

<p>A) At PD10, Dyrk1A expression started to be detected in MTNs of the spinal cord (left panel), where it remained until adulthood (PD14: middle panel; adult: right panel), in both wild type (upper panel) and TgDyrk1A mice (lower panel). Insert shows MTNs (*) at higher magnification. B) At PD14 (upper panel), Dyrk1A expression disappeared from neurons of the reticular formation and started in the MTNs of the facial nucleus, where it remained until adulthood (lower panel) in wild type (left panel) and TgDyrk1A (right panel). Insert shows Dyrk1A positive MTNs (*) at higher magnification. C) Double immunofluorescence studies at PD10 showed the co-localization of Dyrk1A (green) positive MTNs with ChAT (red) staining in wild type (upper panel) and TgDyrk1A (lower panel) mice that confirmed their cholinergic phenotype. Note the strong Dyrk1A cytoplasmic granular immunostaining in the MTN soma and proximal neurites. Right panel depicts the morphological maps locating Dyrk1A positive neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. D) Mapping of Dyrk1A positive cells showing its location in the MTNs of the FN and other motor nuclei of the brainstem. Abbreviations: DPGi, dorsal nucleus paragigantocellularis; Gi, gigantocellularis reticular nucleus; IRT intermediate reticular nucleus; PCRtA, parvicellular reticular nucleus-alpha part; LPGi, paragigantocellularis lateral nucleus; and raphe nuclei (RMG, nucleus magnum, and RPA, pale nucleus), facial motor (VII) and trigeminal motor (V) nuclei. Scale bar for A and C: 10 µm, Scale bar B: 15 µm.