Altered effective connectivity from the other brain regions to the globus pallidus in low-grade HE patients (<i>P</i><0.05, FDR corrected).

<p>The left ACC, right cuneus, MCC, left SFG, left STG and putamen show decreased effective connectivity to the left globus pallidus in patients when compared to healthy controls. Moreover, the left SMA, left IPL, right MFG, bilateral ITG and cerebellum display increased effective connectivity to the left globus pallidus (2A). In patients, the left SFG, bilateral STG, right MTG, and left putamen exhibit decreased effective connectivity to the right globus pallidus. Moreover, the right precuneus, right SMA, bilateral MFG, left MTG, right ITG and bilateral cerebellum demonstrate increased effective connectivity to the right globus pallidus (2B). HE = hepatic encephalopathy; FDR = false discovery rate; ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; MCC = middle cingulate cortex; SFG = superior frontal gyrus; STG = superior temporal gyrus; SMA = supplementary motor area; IPL = inferior parietal lobule; MFG = middle frontal gyrus; ITG = inferior temporal gyrus; MTG = middle temporal gyrus.