The schematic structure of the multi-DOF EMG-driven model.

<p>It comprises of five components: a) Musculotendon Kinematics, b) Musculotendon Activation, c) Musculotendon Dynamics, d) Moment Computation, and e) Model Calibration Process. The multi-DOF EMG-driven model is initially calibrated using the Model Calibration component. After calibration the EMG-driven model is operated in open-loop. Musculotendon units force and the resulting moments are determined as a function of EMG signals and three-dimensional joint angles, without tracking experimental joint moments. Joint moments are predicted with respect to four degrees of freedom (DOFs): hip adduction-abduction (HipAA), hip flexion-extension (HipFE), knee flexion-extension (KneeFE), and ankle plantar-dorsi flexion (AnkleFE).