dmLT enhances IL-17A production from T cells via soluble factors and monocytes.

<p>(A) PBMCs from BCG vaccinated volunteers (n = 7) were stimulated with PHA in the presence of supernatants (Sup) derived from PBMCs stimulated with PPD, dmLT or PPD + dmLT, and the IL-17A production was determined. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0051718#s3" target="_blank">Results</a> shown are from 3 independent experiments. (B) PBMCs from BCG vaccinated volunteers (n = 6) were stimulated with PPD and dmLT in the presence and absence of neutralising antibodies (Abs) against IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-23, and the IL-17A production was determined. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0051718#s3" target="_blank">Results</a> shown are from 3 independent experiments. (A and B) Bars represent mean + SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using the Friedman test with Dunn's multiple comparison post test. * P<0.05, ** P<0.01 and *** P<0.001; compared to cells stimulated with PHA alone (A) or PPD plus dmLT (B). In (B), indicated differences were also significant (P<0.05) compared to treatments with isotype control antibodies. (C) CD14+ monocytes isolated from BCG vaccinated volunteers (n = 4) were pulsed with PPD alone or together with 10 µg/ml dmLT, and then washed. CD4+ T cells were then added to the monocytes, and the resulting IL-17A production was determined. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0051718#s3" target="_blank">Results</a> shown are from 2 independent experiments.