Sal represses the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and increases intracellular calcium <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>A. Real-time PCR was performed to examine mRNA expression of the Wnt pathway (DKK1, DKK2, GSK-3α, GSK-3β, and β-catenin), the hedgehog pathway (Gli-1, Patched, Shh, and Smo), the TGF-β pathway (TGF-β, Smad1, Smad2, Smad3, Smad4, Smad5, and Smad8), and growth factor receptor pathways (EGFR, VEGFR, AKT, and MAPK). Compared to control, the expression of β-catenin is significantly down-regulated (*<i>p</i><0.05). B. Sal inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling in HepG2, SMMC-7721, and BEL-7402 cells. p-GSK-3β, GSK-3β, and β-catenin expression were evaluated by Western blot.