Effect of GSPE on RANKL mRNA expression in RA synovial fibroblasts.

<p>(A) RA synovial fibroblasts were cultured for 72 h with 1 ng/mL TNF-α or 0.1 ng/mL IL-1β in the presence of 10 µg/mL GSPE. Analysis of RANKL mRNA expression was performed using Real-Time PCR. Values represent the mean ± SD for three independent experiments. ***<i>P</i><0.001 versus the IL-1β- or TNF-α-stimulated condition. (B) Immunohistochemical detection of nitrotyrosine, RANKL, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the synovium of patients with RA or OA. Background immunohistochemical staining of synovium tissue was performed with anti-isotype antibodies. All tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin (original magnification, ×400).